Bagaimana kelas Bilangan Rasional saya menggunakan += dengan argumen yang panjang padahal saya hanya membebaninya secara berlebihan untuk menerima argumen bertipe Rasional?

Saya telah menerapkan operator+= (Rasional) dalam file implementasi saya, namun secara tidak sengaja saya melihat bahwa Rational+= long long berfungsi, meskipun saya belum mengimplementasikan fungsi tersebut.

Fungsi yang relevan dari main saya adalah ketika saya menggunakan plusequals += num.

plusequals dinyatakan sebagai Rational plusequals dan num dinyatakan sebagai long long num. Keduanya diinisialisasi untuk memuat nilai dari input pengguna.

Apa yang menyebabkannya? Tampaknya bagi saya ini tidak akan berhasil, tetapi ternyata berhasil.

Ini file header saya:

#ifndef _RATIONAL_H_
#define _RATIONAL_H_

#include<iostream>


using namespace std;

class Rational
{
long long _p;
long long _q;

void simplify();

public:
Rational();
Rational (long long p, long long Q = 1);
Rational (const Rational&);

Rational& operator= (const Rational&);
Rational& operator+= (const Rational&);
Rational& operator-= (const Rational&);
Rational& operator*= (const Rational&);
Rational& operator/= (const Rational&);

friend ostream& operator<< (ostream&, const Rational&);
friend istream& operator>> (istream&, Rational&);

Rational operator+ (const Rational&);
Rational operator+ (long long) const;
friend Rational operator+ (long long, const Rational&);
Rational operator- (const Rational&);
Rational operator- (long long) const;
friend Rational operator- (long long, const Rational&);
Rational operator* (const Rational&);
Rational operator* (long long) const;
friend Rational operator* (long long, const Rational&);
Rational operator/ (const Rational&);
Rational operator/ (long long) const;
friend Rational operator/ (long long, const Rational&);

bool operator== (const Rational&) const;
bool operator== (long long) const;
friend bool operator== (long long, const Rational&);
bool operator!= (const Rational&) const;
bool operator!= (long long) const;
friend bool operator!= (long long, const Rational&);
bool operator> (const Rational&) const;
bool operator> (long long) const;
friend bool operator> (long long, const Rational&);
bool operator< (const Rational&) const;
bool operator< (long long) const;
friend bool operator< (long long, const Rational&);
bool operator>= (const Rational&) const;
bool operator>= (long long) const;
friend bool operator>= (long long, const Rational&);
bool operator<= (const Rational&) const;
bool operator<= (long long) const;
friend bool operator<= (long long, const Rational&);

Rational operator++ (int);
Rational operator-- (int);
Rational& operator++ ();
Rational& operator-- ();
Rational operator- () const;
Rational operator+ () const;

Rational pow (unsigned exp) const;
Rational inverse() const;
};

#endif

Dan berikut implementasinya:

#include "Rational.h"
#include <iostream>

void validate (long long, long long);

int gcd (long long, long long);

Rational::Rational()
{
    _p = 0;
    _q = 1;
}

Rational::Rational (long long p, long long Q)
{
    validate (p, Q);
    _p = p;
    _q = Q;
}

Rational::Rational (const Rational& rat)
{
    this->_p = rat._p;
    this->_q = rat._q;
}
void Rational::simplify()
{
    // Fixes negative denominators.
    if (_q < 0)
    {
        _p *= -1;
        _q *= -1;
    }

    // Simplifies Rational Numbers.
    int denom = gcd(_p, _q);
    _p /= denom;
    _q /= denom;

}

Rational& Rational::operator= (const Rational& rat)
{
    _p = rat._p;
    _q = rat._q;

    return *this;
}

Rational& Rational::operator+= (const Rational& rat)
{
    _p = ((_p * rat._q) + (_q * rat._p));
    _q *= rat._q;

    this->simplify();

    return *this;
}

Rational& Rational::operator-= (const Rational& rat)
{
    _p = ((_p * rat._q) - (_q * rat._p));
    _q *= rat._q;

    this->simplify();

    return *this;
}

Rational& Rational::operator*= (const Rational& rat)
{
    _p *= rat._p;
    _q *= rat._q;

    this->simplify();

    return *this;
}

Rational& Rational::operator/= (const Rational& rat)
{
    if (rat._p == 0)
    {
        throw "Division by zero not allowed";
    }
    _p *= rat._q;
    _q *= rat._p;

    this->simplify();

    return *this;
}

ostream& operator<< (ostream& os, const Rational& rat)
{
    os << rat._p << ":" << rat._q;

    return os;
}

istream& operator>> (istream& is, Rational& rat)
{
    long long p, q;

    is >> p >> q;
    validate(p, q);
    rat._p = p;
    rat._q = q;
    rat.simplify();

    return is;
}

Rational Rational::operator+ (const Rational& rat)
{
    Rational result(*this);

    result += rat;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational Rational::operator+ (long long num) const
{
    Rational result(*this);
    Rational temp(num);

    result += temp;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational operator+ (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    Rational result(num);
    result += rat;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational Rational::operator- (const Rational& rat)
{
    Rational result(*this);

    result -= rat;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational Rational::operator- (long long num) const
{
    Rational result(*this);
    Rational temp(num);

    result -= temp;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational operator- (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    Rational result(num);
    result -= rat;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational Rational::operator* (const Rational& rat)
{
    Rational result(*this);

    result *= rat;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational Rational::operator* (long long num) const
{
    Rational result(*this);
    Rational temp(num);
    result *= temp;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational operator* (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    Rational result(num);
    result *= rat;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational Rational::operator/ (const Rational& rat)
{
    Rational result(*this);

    result /= rat;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational Rational::operator/ (long long num) const
{
    Rational result(*this);
    Rational temp(num);

    result /= temp;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

Rational operator/ (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    Rational result(num);
    result /= rat;
    result.simplify();

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator== (const Rational& rat) const
{
    bool result;

    if ((this->_p == rat._p) && (this->_q == rat._q))
    {
        result = true;
    }
    else
    {
        result = false;
    }

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator== (long long num) const
{
    bool result;
    Rational temp(num);

    result = (*this == temp);

    return result;
}

bool operator== (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    bool result;

    result = (rat == num);

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator!= (const Rational& rat) const
{
    return !(*this == rat);
}

bool Rational::operator!= (long long num) const
{
    return !(*this == num);
}

bool operator!= (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    return !(num == rat);
}

bool Rational::operator> (const Rational& rat) const
{
    bool result;

    if ((this->_p / this->_q) > (rat._p / rat._q))
    {
        result = true;
    }
    else
    {
        result = false;
    }

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator> (long long num) const
{
    bool result;
    Rational temp(num);

    result = (*this > temp);

    return result;
}

bool operator> (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    bool result;

    result = (rat < num);

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator< (const Rational& rat) const
{
    bool result;

    if (!(*this > rat) && !(*this == rat))
    {
        result = true;
    }
    else
    {
        result = false;
    }

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator< (long long num) const
{
    bool result;
    Rational temp(num);

    result = (*this < temp);

    return result;
}

bool operator< (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    bool result;

    result = (rat > num);

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator>= (const Rational& rat) const
{
    bool result;

    if (!(*this < rat))
    {
        result = true;
    }
    else
    {
        result = false;
    }

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator>= (long long num) const
{
    bool result;
    Rational temp(num);

    result = (*this >= temp);

    return result;
}

bool operator>= (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    bool result;

    result = (rat <= num);

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator<= (const Rational& rat) const
{
    bool result;

    if (!(*this > rat))
    {
        result = true;
    }
    else
    {
        result = false;
    }

    return result;
}

bool Rational::operator<= (long long num) const
{
    bool result;
    Rational temp(num);

    result = (*this <= temp);

    return result;
}

bool operator<= (long long num, const Rational& rat)
{
    bool result;

    result = (rat >= num);

    return result;
}

Rational Rational::operator++ (int) // Postfix
{
    Rational temp(*this);

    this->_p++;
    this->_q++;

    return temp;
}

Rational Rational::operator-- (int) // Postfix
{
    Rational temp(*this);

    this->_p--;
    this->_q--;

    return temp;
}

Rational& Rational::operator++()
{
    this->_p++;
    this->_q++;

    return *this;
}

Rational& Rational::operator--()
{
    this->_p--;
    this->_q--;

    return *this;
}

Rational Rational::operator-() const
{
    Rational temp(-(this->_p), (this->_q));

    return temp;
}

Rational Rational::operator+() const
{
    Rational temp(+(this->_p), +(this->_q));

    return temp;
}

Rational Rational::pow (unsigned exp) const
{
    Rational result(*this);
    Rational temp(*this);

    if (exp == 0)
    {
        result = 1;
    }
    else
    {
        for (unsigned i = 1; i < exp; i++)
        {
            result *= temp;
        }
    }

    return result;
}

Rational Rational::inverse() const
{
    Rational temp(this->_q, this->_p);

    return temp;
}

void validate(long long p, long long q)
{
    p++; // Supress error for unused value. Decided to keep value in parameter list to maintain clarity.
    if (q == 0)
    {
        throw "Zero Denominator";
    }
}

int gcd(long long p, long long q)
{
    // Euclid's Algorithm
    if (q == 0)
    {
        return p;
    }
    return gcd (q, p%q);
}

Dan sebagai tambahan, tes main() yang saya gunakan:

#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include "Rational.h"

int main()
{
    while (true)
    {
        Rational rat1;
        Rational rat2;
        Rational rat3;
        long long num;
        unsigned exp;
        Rational power(rat1);
        string hello = "hello";

        // Get input
        try
        {
            cout << "Please enter a numerator and denominator separated by a space: ";
            cin >> rat1;
            cout << endl;
            cout << "Please enter a second numerator and denomintator seperated by a space: ";
            cin >> rat2;
            cout << endl;
            cout << "Please enter a numerator and denominator separated by a space for a third Rational number: ";
            cin >> rat3;
            cout << endl;
            cout << "Enter a number to use for arithmetic operations: ";
            cin >> num;
            cout << endl;
            cout << "Please enter a positive integer to use an exponent :";
            cin >> exp;
            cout << endl;
        }
        catch (char const* err)
        {
            cerr << err << " - Non-Zero denominators only ya big goon.\n";
        }

        cout << endl;

        cout << "You put: " << rat1 << " and: " << rat2 << endl;

        Rational plusequals (rat1);
        Rational minusequals (rat1);
        Rational timesequals (rat1);
        Rational divequals (rat1);

        plusequals += rat2;
        minusequals -= rat2;
        timesequals *= rat2;
        try
        {
            divequals /= rat2;
        }
        catch (const char* msg)
        {
            cerr << msg << endl;
        }

        cout << "+= : " << plusequals << "\n-= : " << minusequals << "\n*= : " << timesequals << "\n/= : " << divequals << endl;

        plusequals = rat1;
        minusequals = rat1;
        timesequals = rat1;
        divequals = rat1;

        plusequals += num;
        minusequals -= num;
        timesequals *= num;
        try
        {
            divequals /= num;
        }
        catch (const char* msg)
        {
            cerr << msg << endl;
        }

        cout << "\nRational = " << rat1<< ", num = " << num << "  :\n";
        cout << rat1 << " += " << num << ": " << plusequals << endl << rat1 << " -= " << num << ": " << minusequals << endl << rat1 <<" *= " << num << ": " << timesequals << endl << rat1 << " /= " << num << ": " << divequals << endl;

        plusequals = rat1;
        minusequals = rat1;
        timesequals = rat1;
        divequals = rat1;

        plusequals += rat3;
        minusequals -= rat3;
        timesequals *= rat3;
        try
        {
            divequals /= rat3;
        }
        catch (const char* msg)
        {
            cerr << msg << endl;
        }

        cout << "\nRational = " << rat1<< ", Rational = " << rat3 << "  :\n";
        cout << rat1 << " += " << rat3 << ": " << plusequals << endl << rat1 << " -= " << rat3 << ": " << minusequals << endl << rat1 << " *= " << rat3 << ": " << timesequals << endl << rat1 << " /= " << rat3 << ": " << divequals << endl;


        power = rat1.pow(exp);
        cout << endl << rat1 << " raised to the power of " << exp << " : ";
        cout << power << endl;

        cout << "The multiplicative inverse of " << rat1 << " is " << rat1.inverse() << endl;

        // Comparison
        cout << endl << endl;
        if (rat1 == rat2)
        {
            cout << rat1 << " = " << rat2 << endl;
        }
        if (rat1 != rat2)
        {
            cout << rat1 << " != " << rat2 << endl;
        }
        if (rat1 <= rat2)
        {
            cout << rat1 << " <= " << rat2 << endl;
        }
        if (rat1 >= rat2)
        {
            cout << rat1 << " >= " << rat2 << endl;
        }
        if (rat1 < rat2)
        {
            cout << rat1 << " < " << rat2 << endl;
        }
        if (rat1 > rat2)
        {
            cout << rat1 << " > " << rat2 << endl;
        }
    }
}

Juga, saya harus mencatat bahwa saya tahu saya tidak boleh berada using namespace std; di file header saya... tetapi kami diharuskan untuk menyalin header langsung dari profesor kami. Dia juga bersikeras agar kami menggunakan gaya braket yang saya gunakan dalam proyek khusus ini, yang menurut saya jelek tapi memang begitulah adanya. Dia sangat khusus. Namun, perbaikan/wawasan lainnya terhadap tugas ini akan sangat dihargai.